Microbial derived bio-fuels as alternative bio-energy

Microbial derived bio-fuels as alternative bio-energy

This century witnessed a rise in conventional energyprices and the rising fears of instability of supply and the possibility ofnear depletion, which necessitated the importing countries to search for theenergy and especially advanced countries in search for unconventional sourcesof energy to get rid of oil prices soaring and environmental impactsdevastating, and found the sources of renewable energy, including bio-fuelsmade from plants and agricultural crops and waste . However, this also meanssocial and environmental costs and the escalation of  food prices and increasing competition for land and water and possiblydeforestation.

The research focuses on four objectives to achieve the four goals that clarify the concept of  liquid  bio-fuels and the reasons of  its production, It highlights on the positive and negative impacts associated with the process of production , the determination of the volume of production at the global level, and finally, It sheds  light on the possibility of production of liquid bio-fuels.

The research objectives

Research trying to achieve the following objectives:

1) Explain the concept of bio-liquid fuel

2) Types of bio-fuels

3) Generations of bio-fuels

4) Types of algae used in the production of liquid fuels

5) Positive effects of bio-fuels (including social and economic aspects)

6) Negative effects of bio-fuels (including social and economic aspects)

7) Dreams of the promised bio-fuels

8) Some of the experiences of countries in the bio-fuel use

 

The importance of research

There is no doubt that the world's thirst to energy stability and assurance is an important factor in achieving security and stability, because it is a major factor in the growth of the world economy.
Hence the importance of bio-fuel production has emerged to be one of sources of alternative energy
(for conventional energy, such as oil, coal and natural gas) that cause environmental damage and considerable economic and which show that there are transformations world was coming in the future of global energy, food security and agricultural production.

The first topic

What is bio-fuel?

Is one of the oldest types of fuel due to the use ofhuman burning of firewood and wood and plants in the heating and cooking sincetime immemorial extends for thousands of years, and was the main source for theproduction of fuel is biomass of plants and animals, but after the IndustrialRevolution and the discovery of sources of energy fossil of oil, coal andnatural gas and the subsequent discovery nuclear energy for peaceful purposes,however evolve and progress of industry and technology has become the use ofbio-fuels by direct burning of firewood and plants, timber does not existexcept in remote and rural areas in poor countries and regions non-civilized world.

However, the industrial and technological developments in recent decades in the energy field can be made liquid bio-fuels from plants and food products and seaweed through which fluids can be used in internal combustion engines instead of petrol and diesel extract.

Intended Bio-fuels: is the energy derived from living organisms, whether plant or animal. It is
a clean fuel depends produced mainly on biomass conversion, whether represented in the form of grains and agricultural crops such as corn and sugar cane, or in the form of oils and animal fats such as soybean oil and palm oil, into ethanol alcohol or diesel organic, which means the possibility of their use in lighting and running vehicles and the Department of generators.

Types of bio-fuels

1. Bio-Gas

2. Ethanol

3. Bio-Diesel

Generations of bio-fuels

The first generation of bio-fuels:

1. Vegetable oils
2.Bio-diesel
3.Bio-alcohol
4.Bio-gas
5.Industrial gas
6.Bio-fuel steel

Second-generation bio-fuels:

1.Non-food crops
2.Vital residues (straw and wood)

3.Crops specialized in bio-energy include:-

•Bio-fuel Cellulose
•bio-hydrogen
• bio-methane
• Di-methyl furn bio-fuel
• hydrogen biodiesel

The third generation of bio-fuels:

Micro-algae can be classified mainly into auto-trophs, mixo-trophic and hetero-trophs based on light and carbon source utilization. Auto-trophic organisms can convert light and chemical energy(CO2 and H2O) into carbohydrates, which form the base for all other carbon containing bio-molecules.

The energy is stored as a reduced form (carbohydrates), that is the source of energy for the entire needs of the cell. Auto-trophic organisms are relatively self-sufficient and self-sustainable because they obtain their energy from sunlight.

Hetero-trophic organisms utilize organic carbon (mainly glucose) as energy for their metabolic functions because they cannot utilize atmospheric CO2. Nutritional modes significantly in u-ence the carbon assimilation and lipid productivity of the micro-algae.

Depending on the available sources, three types of nutritional modes namely auto-trophic, hetero-trophic, and mixo-trophicare reported to produce algal bio-fuel.

 

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